What Has Changed in the Medical Field Since Covid?

A brief reflection

 

Hello everyone!

A lot has been happening over the past 4 years since covid first began, but many combined circumstances forced me to take a long hiatus since writing the last issue of my newsletter in 2020, primarily because of the politics of healthcare here in New York State and the nation. I’ve recently gathered some thoughts on this topic and hope that you will find this interesting. Since it is rather lengthy, I’ve divided this newsletter into four sections that will be sent out weekly. If you would rather read the entire piece together, you can find it here.

 

Part I- Medical Education and the Loss of Critical Thinking

Long before the covid pandemic began, with a few exceptions like emergency medicine and trauma surgery, conventional allopathic medicine has been quietly eroding health, while contributing to an environmental[1] and a public health disaster of unprecedented proportions.[2]  The medical-education-industrial complex[3] has worked hard for many years to keep this information out of public view, but the covid pandemic opened several wide cracks in that façade.  To understand more fully, let’s begin with medical education.

Conventional medical education in the US is extremely rigorous.  Our medical students are selected primarily based on their ability to compete and outperform their peers academically in a series of required courses, not on any measure of human compassion, creativity, or intellectual curiosity.  It goes without saying that when the candidate pool favors the “best and the brightest” and the most competitive, graduate physicians tend to demonstrate the same strengths.[4]

The medical curriculum, which demands obedience, docility, and acceptance of the biochemical – pharmaceutical model of medicine, discourages critical independent thinking in favor of rote memorization of (often trivial) facts and formulas.[5]  The biochemical – pharmaceutical model of medicine, which is deeply imbedded in our national psyche,[6] and is reinforced from childhood onward by most forms of public education, news media, entertainment, and public policy, is a deeply held mythic belief that the average person is better off by using chemical pharmaceutical drugs.[7]  Heretofore, this assumption was never rigorously tested, but recent evidence from the human microbiome,[8] environmental ecology, and many years of using complementary, alternative, integrative medicine (CAIM) and homeopathy belie this.

Medical training from premed, medical school, internship, and residency is a quasi-militaristic elitist indoctrination program, punctuated by long work hours coupled with sleep deprivation, and depersonalization,[9] which discourages independent “out of the box” thinking and favors future physicians who accept and reflexively act on, rather than question, standardized protocols that are part of a “one size fits all” approach, known as the “standard of care.”[10]  The medical education process selects students willing to compete against each other, driving them through rigorous training, securing loyalty through punishing work, demanding an oath of allegiance to enter what they are told is an elite and noble profession.[11]

The US medical education process has produced a dwindling[12] army of burnt out,[13] morally compromised,[14] beaten down,[15] but obedient[16] physicians willing to follow orders largely without question,[17] just like psychologically traumatized military recruits.[18]  It is no wonder that most members of this profession, stretched to their limits between endless administrative burdens[19] and increasing demands for patient care,[20],[21] are either unwilling or unable to look beyond the orthodox pharmaceutical dogma, or to question the conventional mainstream narratives that were generated during covid contradicting many of the most basic principles of immunology and infectious disease.[22]

The biochemical – pharmaceutical model emphasizes that only concrete, physically palpable, and chemically detectable findings are “real” or relevant to the practice of medicine. If a symptom or a syndrome can’t be traced back to a concrete physical abnormality, a lab test, or an imaging study, then it is often considered to be a psychiatric issue, or not real.[23]  Likewise, if a medicine contains barely detectable or only trace amounts of substance, as homeopathy does, it is considered inherently “implausible” and therefore impossible by narrow materialistic definition.[24]  This objective physical paradigm certainly explains why conventional physicians routinely dismiss CAIM and homeopathy, but it also suggests a possible reason why the millions of subjectively reported side effects and safety signals submitted to the online vaccine adverse events reporting system (VAERS)[25] during covid were ignored,[26] and why tens of thousands of deaths immediately following covid vaccination continue to be disavowed.[27]

Physicians are instructed to only trust information that has been approved by their own faculty, by other university-based research sources, or by formally recognized federal and international public health agencies.  Physicians are discouraged from pursuing their own investigations, or relying on their own, their colleagues’, or their patients’ direct experiences or observations.[28]  This might have been reasonable in the past, but the industrial capture of university based medical research has made most of this work unreliable, riddled with inaccuracies, tainted by political and economic conflicts of interest,[29] and the result of unscrupulous behavior.[30]

Physician reliance on inaccurate and untrustworthy medical research has only widened the gap between them and their patients.  The personal side of medicine that once flourished through mutual trust and relationship has been lost, replaced by mutual criticism and distrust.[31]  This began happening once physicians started to abandon private practice,[32] join managed care corporate entities,[33] and rely on third party payers, trading relationships and continuity of care for a business model of medicine that prioritized reimbursement.[34] The sell-out from individual solo medical practices that once dominated the practice landscape, to corporate business owned practices, allowed physicians to increase earnings, but traded income for independence and ongoing relationships with patients, which was once the “crown-jewel” of medicine and the leading source of satisfaction for both patients and physicians.[35]  Widening the gap between physicians and patients also transitioned doctors into “providers”,[36] moved the entire profession a step closer to corporate dominance, and eventual replacement by Artificial Intelligence (AI)[37] driven protocols that threaten to eventually replace autonomous physicians with programmable virtual services.[38],[39]

The shift from private to corporate medicine resulted in the loss of physician autonomy and demanded adherence to the dictates of corporate ethics taking precedent above those of one’s own conscience.[40]  During covid, while more than 40,000 nurses were fired because they refused to allow their employers to dictate their personal healthcare choices through forced vaccination,[41] only a small handful of physicians reached a similar decision, a testament to the level of their indenture to the corporate industrial system.  Long before covid, patients were frequently “fired” from medical practices if they dared to question vaccination policies or suggest alternate regimens based on their own individual sensitivities, medical histories, or concerns. [42]

The role of Industry in medical education[43] has grown steadily over many years, first becoming involved in the field more than a century ago by working to consolidate the medical field and eliminate the eclectic diversity of different schools of treatment, including CAIM and homeopathy. Publicly, the rationale given for this involvement was to eliminate unscientific methodologies, yet the groups that were targeted for elimination were those who refused to subscribe to the biomedical – pharmaceutical – industrial model of health.[44] The Flexner Report of 1910, funded by the American Medical Association (AMA), the Rockefeller, and Carnegie Foundations (misanthropies born from the industrial exploitation of the petroleum and steel industries respectively), marked the beginning of the industrialization process. This campaign eventually closed competing CAIM and homeopathic medical schools, and solidified control of the medical profession under industry and the AMA.[45]  Many alternative schools were forced to close or be absorbed into conventional medical training in watered down versions.[46]  The entire field of medicine was weaned from a person-centered approach and pushed toward an industrial pharmaceutical model[47] that tied medicines to diagnoses, and supported a complex infrastructure ultimately overseen by industry[48],[49] under the guise that this was somehow more scientifically effective.[50]

Conventional medical training, discourages critical and independent thinking, focuses primarily on pharmaceutical and surgical interventions, and rejects the use of alternatives.  It is largely designed to train physicians to prescribe drugs and utilize industrial products that support the medical industrial complex.[51]  Medical training eliminates curiosity[52] and conditions medical professionals into a collective set of standardized behaviors and knee-jerk reactions, not always dedicated to providing the best care for patients, and increasingly orchestrated by industry.[53],[54]

Many US medical regulatory agencies are also controlled by industry. The British Medical Journal (BMJ) reported that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), despite their disclaimer, routinely accepts millions of dollars of non-disclosed “industry gifts” and “funding, both directly and indirectly, raising questions about the science it cites, the clinical guidelines it promotes.”[55] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) derives 75% of its operating budget from “fees” provided directly by the drug industry.[56] A revolving door of employment reciprocity and influence exists between these regulatory agencies and the industries that they are tasked to regulate.[57]  Pharmaceutical and diagnostic imaging companies are the largest donors to many professional medical organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)[58] and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG),[59] organizations that make recommendations and set standards for physician practices.  Industry involvement at all levels of training and oversight raises enormous ongoing concerns about the integrity and safety of conventional allopathic medicine.[60]

 

Part II- Medicine and Propaganda

The US healthcare system, beginning with medical education, is largely controlled by industrial interests bent on profit and control. Industry capture dominates most aspects of medical education,[61] health care regulation, research, and delivery in this country and the covid pandemic was a field test of that system on a global level.

The mainstream conventional medical-education-industrial complex, just like the military-industrial complex, is made up of a consortium of related industries that include pharmaceutical, medical product, insurance, hospital, rehabilitative, diagnostic industries, and educational institutions.  This group has worked collectively and cooperatively behind the scenes for more than a century, not only to erode trust in complementary, alternative, integrative medicine (CAIM) and homeopathy,[62] keeping these alternatives invisible and out of mainstream public awareness, but also constantly steering public opinion, research, and philanthropy toward the conventional allopathic system as the one and only reliable, safe, and effective system for restoring health.

Groups like the American Medical Association (AMA) have continuously worked to eliminate CAIM and homeopathy[63],[64]  claiming that these methodologies are unscientific and that it is unethical to use or associate with them.[65]

Control over health care has been richly rewarding to industry, and the price of US medical care has continued to increase to its current level, which is nearly twice that of any other nation, while health status, equity, and longevity lag far behind.[66] Unchecked greed, avarice, market manipulation, and profiteering drive these costs through the prices of education, pharmaceuticals, diagnostic testing, insurance, hospital fees, and executive salaries.[67]

The combined efforts of the four wealthiest health care interests (pharmaceutical manufacturers, hospitals, insurance, and the American Medical Association (AMA)) together comprise the largest special interest lobbying group in Washington, DC.[68] In 2023, the pharmaceutical, health products, and insurance industries spent more than half a billion dollars just to lobby Congress,[69]  while the entire health care sector simultaneously spent another $30 billion dollars[70] advertising and marketing itself directly to consumers.

The mainstream conventional medical-education-industrial complex has snowballed into a massive behemothic entity, exerting influence across government, health education, entertainment,[71] and practically all levels of society.[72]  In 2022, UnitedHealth Group reported over $20 billion in profit, Cigna $6.7 billion, Elevance Health $6 billion, and CVS Health $4.2 billion.[73]  During the peak covid vaccine year of 2022, Pfizer’s profits exceeded $100 billion, a 23% increase compared with 2021.[74]

The vast majority of hospitals currently operating in the US are corporate: either privately owned nonprofit or for-profit hospitals,[75] and private equity firms have been purchasing physician practices and hospitals at accelerated rates, owning more than 30% of all for-profit hospitals.[76] Most corporate entities aim to generate profit and the healthcare sector is no exception, putting profit above health status,[77] as US life expectancy has declined[78] and chronic illness has increased.[79]

Marketing and lobbying are designed to buttress and protect the public image and prestige of the medical industry, while disguising its true costs and dangers, so that control is preserved.[80]  Preventing legitimate information about CAIM and homeopathy from reaching the public is a secondary, but essential part of this strategy.[81]  Convincing Americans to believe that their medical system is the “best in the world”[82] (when most evidence suggests the opposite[83]) is a remarkable accomplishment that keeps the supply – demand mismatched[84] and the public believing that they suffer from a general deficiency of healthcare,[85] when evidence suggests the opposite:  that they are overdosing from too much of it.[86]

Conventional medicine excels at delivering dangerous, and highly toxic drugs and procedures, usually in untested combinations.[87] Over the years, newer therapies periodically replace older ones, under the guise of “new and improved,” but conventional allopathic treatments offer little benefit beyond rapid symptom relief,[88] and are notorious for temporarily suppressing illness,[89] impairing the immune system,[90] damaging the microbiome,[91] causing dysbiosis,[92] generating chronic inflammation, [93] polluting the environment,[94] preventing natural immunity,[95] and promoting long-term drug dependency.[96] Conventional medications, used as directed, are the 5th leading cause of death in the US,[97] while medical error is the 3rd leading cause.[98]  According to a 2007 issue of the British Medical Journal (BMJ) Clinical Evidence, only 11% of conventional medical treatments are supported by reasonable scientific evidence of effectiveness, and another 24% are backed by evidence suggesting that they might be beneficial, but the overwhelming majority (66%) of conventional treatments  are either of “unknown effectiveness…, a trade-off between benefits and harms…, unlikely to be beneficial…, [or] likely to be ineffective or harmful.”[99],[100]  Due to the tireless efforts of marketers, advertisers, and the medical propaganda industry,[101] most Americans still believe that modern allopathic medicine is entirely science-based, safe, and reliable.[102]

While billions of dollars are spent annually to lobby and convince both the government and the public that CAIM and homeopathy are dangerous,[103] passing, unproven fads,[104] and that modern allopathic medicine is the gold standard for science and technology that safely improves public health and welfare, a worldwide epidemic of chronic inflammatory illness has quietly spread across every nation employing this system.[105]  This iatrogenic (physician caused) epidemic is responsible for 75% of total health care costs and the majority of deaths in the US,[106] including cardiovascular disease[107] and cancer.[108] Molecular and epidemiological evidence suggests that this epidemic of chronic inflammation is the root of almost every medical condition.[109]

At the same time, there are simultaneous iatrogenic epidemics of antibiotic resistance (from antibiotic overuse and abuse) that kill nearly 5 million people worldwide,[110] and drug overdoses (largely initiated by opioid prescriptions), that kill more than 100,000 Americans every single year.[111] The connection between conventional allopathic drug use and all of these epidemics becomes tragically clear when both the research evidence from the human microbiome,[112] and the direct clinical experience of over two centuries use of homeopathy[113] suggest that at least 50% of antibiotic prescriptions,[114] and a majority of opioid prescriptions[115] were unnecessary in the first place.

The US medical system is heavily influenced by for-profit industries bent on extracting profit, and eliminating competition from CAIM and homeopathy, at the expense of public and environmental health.[116]

 

Part III- Covid-19

When covid hit the west in 2020, nearly every practicing conventional physician was helplessly paralyzed because they reflexively turned to medical authorities to learn what treatment protocols should be used.  Unfortunately, none of these authorities had any useful information, insight, experience, or beneficial suggestions to share, having invested all available resources in the “one basket” of conventional drugs and vaccines, and none into complementary, alternative, integrative medicine (CAIM) or homeopathy.

Even when covid mortality was determined to be directly related to iatrogenic (physician caused) “comorbidities”, [117] microbiome damage,[118], [119] and dysbiosis,[120],[121] this information was ignored, while blame for morbidity and mortality was placed on the SARS-CoV-2 virus along with risky public behavior.  The public was warned that the entire population was at risk, rather than the select groups of elderly, those suffering from chronic comorbidities, and severe dysbiosis.  No one reported on the most troubling aspect of this pandemic: that the conventional allopathic medical system itself, overusing microbiome damaging, and immunosuppressive therapies and vaccines had made segments of the population more vulnerable to a wide range of illnesses[122] including Covid-19.[123]

Even though the US spends more per capita on health care than any other nation,[124] it had one of the highest mortality rates from covid worldwide.[125]  Considering that 60% of adults and 40% of children[126] in the US were already suffering from a chronic medical comorbidity (the highest rate worldwide),[127] and that many conventionally recommended covid drugs and vaccines[128] were known to further suppress the immune system, damage the microbiome,[129],[130],[131] prevent natural immunity, and were strongly associated with a wide range of complications including long covid,[132] heart attacks,[133],[134]  blood clots,[135] and kidney failure,[136] it’s remarkable that conventionally treated cases of covid weren’t even more deadly and injurious.[137]

In contrast, homeopaths began treating cases of covid immediately,[138],[139] sometimes without even knowing the diagnosis, because they already had the tools to do so: homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy is a system of medicine that can be used in almost any condition if the medicines, which must have been previously tested in healthy individuals, are prescribed according to homeopathic principles: by individually matching them to each individual patient’s symptoms. If it seems strange to treat without first knowing the diagnosis, consider that the immune system behaves the same way: it doesn’t need to know the name or diagnosis to develop immunity, it just needs the opportunity to develop inflammation and initiate the immune cascade unimpeded by immunosuppressive drugs.

Acute inflammation is modulated by the innate immune system in response to infection or injury, and it is essential in developing broad spectrum protection and long-term adaptive immunity toward specific pathogens.[140]  Immunosuppressive anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) reduce symptoms but interfere with the immune mediated process that generates natural immunity.  These medicines were routinely recommended during the pandemic,[141] which may be one reason why it was so dangerous.[142] Interestingly, just before the 1918 Spanish influenza epidemic the Bayer pharmaceutical company introduced and heavily marketed[143] Aspirin (an NSAID) to treat influenza.  It was recommended in regimens now known to increase mortality through toxic pulmonary edema and immune suppression.[144] Using NSAIDs to treat any viral illnesses, including covid, is inconsistent with efficient and effective immune functioning,[145],[146] yet most mainstream sources continue to routinely recommend these drugs.[147],[148]

Homeopathy is a time-tested, clinically proven system of medicine that bolsters natural immunity[149] and helps the body fight infections[150] without drugs: a contradiction of the mainstream medical narrative, which claims that antibiotics, antivirals, and vaccines are the only way to manage and treat infections; a point that the antibiotic crisis[151] and lack of antiviral drug efficacy[152] strongly refute.

Homeopathy, which uses infrequently administered, individually targeted micro-doses of highly diluted medicines that improve health, poses an existential threat to the pharmaceutical industry, which depends on an ever-expanding flow of mass produced, perpetually administered drugs, marketed to an increasingly unhealthy populace, to ensure profitability.[153] Some opposition to homeopathy may be ideological, but most of it is financial.[154],[155]

Compared to the corporatization, industrialization, and profitability of modern medicine,[156],[157] homeopathy’s most significant failure is its abysmal record of generating profit either for industry[158] or its practitioners.[159] This is because homeopathic medicines are inexpensive, relatively easy to manufacture, but much more complicated and time consuming to prescribe than conventional drugs.  Homeopathic treatment is associated with significant long term health improvement[160] and consistently high patient satisfaction rates,[161] but healthier, happier patients tend to utilize fewer medical services, which is anachronistic to the corporate profit structure of modern medicine, which requires continuous growth and market expansion.[162]

Homeopathy has been used effectively in almost every epidemic of infectious illness since the great cholera outbreak of 1832.[163]  It was used successfully during the influenza epidemic of 1918,[164],[165] and around the world to prevent and treat many other outbreaks of infectious diseases in large and small populations.[166] Studies indicate that homeopathy is useful across a broad range of conditions, and as adjunct therapy in severe sepsis,[167] and non-small cell lung cancer,[168] where it improves both survival and quality of life. Historically, it has proven to be one of the most useful, effective, and safest system of medicine available,[169],[170],[171],[172] but because it appears to contradict several basic material tenets of allopathic medicine it is no longer taught in any conventional US medical school.

Published case reports, physician files, and hospital records attest to the successes of homeopathy, particularly during covid,[173] but when meta-analyses, double-blind placebo-controlled, and comparative efficacy studies are published demonstrating its safety, effectiveness, and superiority,[174] these studies are ignored by all mainstream authorities. Homeopathic treatment of covid met with the same response.[175]  Publicly acknowledging even the least benefit from homeopathy would crack open the hermetically sealed door that has long been held closed. Opening this door might create a “slippery slope” because if even one tenet of homeopathy were to be acknowledged as legitimate, other points might ultimately be raised, and the entire “house of cards” of unsustainable, chronic disease-promoting, and injury prone practices considered to be “standard of care” in western industrial society might come under closer scrutiny.

By increasing natural immunity,[176] strengthening the immune system, and supporting the biodiversity of the human microbiome, homeopathy can help the body resist infection and resolve inflammation.[177] Interestingly, most conventional medical treatments do the opposite: by suppressing the immune system, damaging the microbiome, and temporarily suppressing inflammatory symptoms, they allow disease processes to continue unabated and unchecked, while permitting inflammation to become chronic.[178]  As a result, many conventional treatments make the body more susceptible to infection,[179] chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease.[180]  All classes of conventional drugs,[181] particularly antibiotics reduce the biodiversity of the microbiome and promote dysbiosis, increasing the likelihood of developing chronic inflammatory illnesses,[182] including heart disease and stroke,[183] cancer,[184] diabetes,[185] obesity,[186] allergy,[187] asthma,[188] and autoimmunity.[189]

During covid, thousands of cases of homeopathic treatment were entered and collated in both national and international databases.[190]  This treatment, like that of many other conditions using homeopathy, was safe and effective[191] with an extremely low incidence of side effects, adverse events, or deaths.[192] Even when conventional physicians were struggling to find any valuable treatment to benefit covid patients, the successful experience of treating thousands of cases worldwide, while supporting natural immunity[193] and using far less dangerous or costly medicines, was unwelcome news that was treated as “misinformation.”[194],[195]

Attempts to dialogue with medical authorities or publish articles on homeopathy in medical journals, mainstream media outlets, or even on social media sites are continually thwarted,[196] largely using the oft repeated claim that “there is no science” or that the science is “inconclusive.”[197]  These arguments often cite implausibility as grounds for dismissing homeopathy.[198] The premise that homeopathy “cannot work and that positive evidence reflects publication bias or design flaws until proved otherwise”[199] is in itself an unscientific position and evidence of prejudicial bias.[200]

It is true that the mechanism of action of how homeopathy works is unknown, but throughout history most medical interventions (including many that are still in use today) were used without knowing a mechanism of action.[201],[202]  Whatever its mechanism is, homeopathy appears to work, not by chemical pharmacology, but by triggering the innate processes of homeostasis[203] and adaption,[204] which helps the body self-regulate, restore equilibrium, and return to health.  Homeopathy appears to augment the immune mediated inflammatory response, which speeds tissue repair and helps the body fight infection[205] and repair injury.[206]  Unlike conventional medicine, homeopathy supports the diversity of the human microbiome, which is associated with faster resolution of acute inflammation, lower incidence of infectious illness, and reduced risk of developing chronic illness and cancer.[207]

 

Part IV- Conclusion: No Science

While medical professionals are strongly discouraged from thinking or practicing outside-the-box of “standard of care,” or treating their patients as unique individuals, the public is frequently blamed for their own ill health by regulatory agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) whose website lists the causes of the rapidly exploding epidemic of chronic inflammatory illness as bad choices and risky behaviors, including poor diet, tobacco, alcohol, and lack of physical activity,[208] while providing no reference to the ecological devastation of the microbiome, which is the final common pathway by which chronic inflammation develops.[209]  The NCCDPHP conveniently chooses to only list behavioral habits, while entirely ignoring the contributions to microbiome dysbiosis made by conventional pharmaceuticals.[210],[211],[212]  This omission suggests that either the leading health authority in the US is simply unaware of cutting edge microbiome science, or it is just more convenient to blame the patients who are the victims of disease and ignore the massive role played by the pharmaceutical drugs that cause the damage.  This is just one example of how one arm of the medical-education-industrial complex protects the other,[213],[214]  but it also demonstrates how this pernicious patriarchy[215] works to maintain control over the public by obscuring the truth, limiting access to relevant information, and instilling fear and blame.

During the covid pandemic the obfuscation of accurate information, a tool that had previously been directed against the complementary, alternative, integrative medicine (CAIM) and homeopathy community, was expanded to cover anyone who publicly questioned the mainstream narrative, conventional drugs, or vaccines. Those who pushed back were censored and accused of spreading misinformation.  These individuals suffered from personal, familial, professional, and social ostracism.  This was most visibly demonstrated in the personage of Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.,[216] who was publicly vilified, censored, and de-platformed[217] even though none of the evidence he presented, or the statements and accusations that he made were ever proven to be false, incorrect, or slanderous.[218]  He was accused of blasphemy and repeatedly denied a public platform to represent or defend himself, simply because he opposed the biases and inaccuracies promulgated by the medical-education-industrial complex.

During the covid pandemic, “science” was absurdly and repeatedly mischaracterized as a closed book, a settled process, and the physical embodiment and exclusive domain of one single man who was (supposedly) beyond reproach. Some states passed legislation to punish physicians if they expressed what was considered “misinformation,”[219] while others like the New York Department of Health (NYDOH)[220]  used the Office of Professional Medical Conduct (OPMC) to discipline physicians and revoke their medical licenses.[221]

But perhaps covid was never about actual science; the agenda may have been about controlling public opinion, coercing and frightening both physicians and the public to follow and trust an industry-driven agenda blindly and willingly.

Physicians have been trained and indoctrinated to stay “on the tracks” and to refrain from questioning authority.  Patients have been conditioned to believe that the conventional system of medicine is state-of-the-art wonderful and almost entirely benevolent. They have been told that most illness is their own fault, particularly if they strayed into CAIM,[222] or were noncompliant with their medication regimens.[223]  The capture of both these groups during covid meant that they remained ignorant of safe and effective CAIM and homeopathic alternatives, forced to accept conventional care, denied health freedom and fully informed consent.

Using the same machinery that had been used for over a century to steer public opinion and to keep interest away from CAIM and homeopathy, the medical-education-industrial complex worked invisibly behind the scenes during covid to manipulate public opinion using the ethical appeal of achieving the “greater good,” while quietly censoring discussion and obscuring the true risks and harms of conventional hospitalization, mechanical ventilation,[224] antiviral treatment,[225] and vaccination,[226] to support huge corporate industrial profits.[227]

Not much happened in the field of medicine since covid except for the global expansion and coordination of a propaganda generating machine that had previously been reserved for use against CAIM and homeopathy.  The medical-education-industrial complex, which spends billions of dollars annually and earns trillions in return,[228] was able to continue to exclude competition and silence dissent, tightening its noose of control to make this consortium one of the single most destructive forces in healthcare today,[229] driven by the pursuit of profit over people and the environment.

In some respects, the medical-education-industrial complex has accomplished an industrial coup d’état, which is precisely what outgoing president Dwight David Eisenhower warned against in his farewell address to the nation in 1961. At that time, Eisenhower was aware of the growing threat posed by the military-industrial complex, which currently consumes less than 4% of the US gross domestic product (GDP), but he was probably unaware of the threat posed by the medical-education-industrial complex, which now consumes more than 17% of the US GDP.  In 1961 Eisenhower warned that:

“In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.

We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.

Akin to, and largely responsible for the sweeping changes in our industrial-military posture, has been the technological revolution during recent decades.

In this revolution, research has become central; it also becomes more formalized, complex, and costly. A steadily increasing share is conducted for, by, or at the direction of, the Federal government.

Today, the solitary inventor, tinkering in his shop, has been over shadowed by task forces of scientists in laboratories and testing fields. In the same fashion, the free university, historically the fountainhead of free ideas and scientific discovery, has experienced a revolution in the conduct of research. Partly because of the huge costs involved, a government contract becomes virtually a substitute for intellectual curiosity. For every old blackboard there are now hundreds of new electronic computers.

The prospect of domination of the nation’s scholars by Federal employment, project allocations, and the power of money is ever present and is gravely to be regarded.

Yet, in holding scientific research and discovery in respect, as we should, we must also be alert to the equal and opposite danger that public policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite.”[230]

Eisenhower’s prescient caution may have worked to keep the military-industrial complex at bay, but not the medical-education-industrial complex, which has proven to be much more powerful, insidious, and perhaps even more destructive overall.  The conventional allopathic medical-education-industrial complex has systematically worked to erode health, personal liberty, and democratic processes, both by eliminating and disempowering competition and opposition, and by mandating harmful health treatments without full disclosure of risks. The current system allows unlimited industrial liberty, largely free from liability,[231] litigation, or outside control, to be imposed on a public citizenry that has no alternative but to accept (and pay for) mandates that they have no informed choice in.[232]

Eisenhower suggested that “Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of” the industrial machinery to achieve “peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.”  At first glance, it might appear that peaceful methods have been used, but liberties have diminished, and health promotion has failed.  On close examination, the public has been “gaslighted”, to believe in and trust the medical system, which has used a variation of the Helsinki Syndrome, to seemingly provide beneficial protection, while exploiting a captive populace for its own benefits.

If conventional allopathic medicine really was in alignment with health promotion, it would improve environmental, population, and individual health, over time.  But all indices suggest that the opposite is true: environmental, societal, and personal health are all worsening, and mankind stands at the precipice of unprecedented ill-health and environmental catastrophe.

The meshing between industry and government, just like that between church and state, is inappropriate and illegal.[233] Censorship of private citizens exercising their freedom of speech, while raising legitimate concerns is evidence that corruption has reached the highest levels of government.  To restore personal, societal, and environmental health, citizens must wake up, be alert, take responsibility, and claim knowledge. Allowing a patriarchal system to control access to information and silence dissent is evidence that democracy has been corrupted.

Science is based on objective, and critical study freely discussed in a transparent forum, striving to reach consensus without single party dominance or prejudice.  Repression and suppression of information in a society, or in healthcare, is unhealthy and unsustainable.  An “alert and knowledgeable citizenry” must demand full disclosure of information necessary to claim the ethical right to make fully informed health care decisions for themselves and their families, and to be free from the shackles of industrial political control and profiteering.  A democratic society requires these basic rights; otherwise, it is a corporatocracy.

 

 

References

  1. Pharmaceutical Pollution. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. https://www.caryinstitute.org/our-expertise/freshwater/pharmaceutical-pollution#:~:text=Most%20wastewater%20treatment%20facilities%20are,%2C%20birth%20control%2C%20and%20antihistamines.
  2. Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019 Dec;25(12):1822-1832.
  3. Balon, R., Beresin, E.V. & Guerrero, A. Medical-Education-Industrial Complex?. Acad Psychiatry 42, 495–497 (2018).
  4. Laughey WF, Atkinson J, Craig AM, et al. Empathy in Medical Education: Its Nature and Nurture – a Qualitative Study of the Views of Students and Tutors. Med Sci Educ. 2021 Oct 15;31(6):1941-1950.
  5. Augustin M. How to learn effectively in medical school: test yourself, learn actively, and repeat in intervals. Yale J Biol Med. 2014 Jun 6;87(2):207-12.
  6. Silverman WA. ‘Therapeutic mystique’, Where’s the Evidence? Debates in Modern Medicine. Oxford, 1999; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Sept. 2009.
  7. Mohammed MA, Moles RJ, Chen TF. Impact of Pharmaceutical Care Interventions on Health-Related Quality-of-Life Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2016;50(10):862-881.
  8. Vijay A, Valdes AM. Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Apr;76(4):489-501.
  9. Williams ES, Lawrence ER, Sydow Campbell K, et al. (2009), The effect of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on physician–patient communication: A theoretical model, implications, and directions for future research, in Savage GT, Fottler MD (Ed.) Biennial Review of Health Care Management: Meso Perspective (Advances in Health Care Management 2009; 8), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds: 3-20.
  10. Kasalaei A, Amini M, Nabeiei P, et al. Barriers of Critical Thinking in Medical Students’ Curriculum from the Viewpoint of Medical Education Experts: A Qualitative Study. Journal of advances in medical education & professionalism  2020;8:72-82.
  11. Jiang K. Rite of Passage. Harvard Medical School. https://hms.harvard.edu/news/rite-passage
  12. Zhang X, Lin D, Pforsich H, et al. Physician workforce in the United States of America: forecasting nationwide shortages. Hum Resour Health 2020;18(8).
  13. West CP, Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD. (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA). Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions (Review). J Intern Med 2018; 283: 516–529.
  14. Quek CWN, Ong RRS, Wong RSM, et al. Systematic scoping review on moral distress among physicians. BMJ Open 2022;12:e064029.
  15. Singh TSS, Singh A. Abusive culture in medical education: Mentors must mend their ways. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Apr-Jun;34(2):145-147.
  16. Violato E, Witschen B, Violato E, et al. A behavioural study of obedience in health professional students. Adv in Health Sci Educ 2022;27: 293–321.
  17. Violato, E., King, S. & Bulut, O. A multi-method exploratory study of health professional students’ experiences with compliance behaviours. BMC Med Educ 20, 359 (2020).
  18. On Obedience: Contrasting Philosophies for the Military, Citizenry, and Community, Pauline Shanks Kaurin (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2020).
  19. Herd P, Moynihan D. Health care administrative burdens: Centering patient experiences. Health Serv Res. 2021 Oct;56(5):751-754
  20. Familoni OB. An overview of stress in medical practice. Afr Health Sci. 2008 Mar;8(1):6-7.
  21. Williams MS, Ryniker L, Schwartz RM, et al. Physician challenges and supports during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed methods study. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Dec 8;13:1055495.
  22. Shenai MB, Rahme R, Noorchashm H. Equivalency of Protection From Natural Immunity in COVID-19 Recovered Versus Fully Vaccinated Persons: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Cureus. 2021 Oct 28;13(10):e19102.
  23. Ketterer MW, Buckholtz CD.. “Somatization disorder” J Am Osteop Assoc 1989;89(4): 489-499.
  24. Schwarz J. Homeopathy is scientifically implausible. McGill Office for Science and Society January 12, 2024.
  25. https://openvaers.com/covid-data
  26. Faksova K, Walsh D, Jiang Y, et al. COVID-19 vaccines and adverse events of special interest: A multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) cohort study of 99 million vaccinated individuals. Vaccine. 2024 Feb 12:S0264-410X(24)00127-0.
  27. Maiese A, Baronti A, Manetti AC, et al. Death after the Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines Approved by EMA: Has a Causal Relationship Been Demonstrated? Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Feb 16;10(2):308.
  28. Adaeze Okwerekwu J. ‘Don’t trust your patients’: What Larry Nassar’s boss gets very, very wrong. STAT March 23, 2018. https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/23/dont-trust-patients-larry-nassar-boss/
  29. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice; Lo B, Field MJ, editors. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009. Summary. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22926/
  30. Ioannidis JP. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2005 Aug;2(8):e124.
  31. Armstrong K, Rose A, Peters N, et al. Distrust of the health care system and self-reported health in the United States. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 Apr;21(4):292-7.
  32. Kane CK. Policy Research Perspectives Recent Changes in Physician Practice Arrangements: Shifts Away from Private Practice and Towards Larger Practice Size Continue Through 2022. American Medical Association 2023. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2022-prp-practice-arrangement.pdf
  33. Feldman DS, Novack DH, Gracely E. Effects of managed care on physician-patient relationships, quality of care, and the ethical practice of medicine: a physician survey. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Aug 10-24;158(15):1626-32.
  34. Forrest CB, Shi L, von Schrader S, et al. Managed care, primary care, and the patient-practitioner relationship. J Gen Intern Med. 2002 Apr;17(4):270-7.
  35. Chipidza FE, Wallwork RS, Stern TA. Impact of the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2015 Oct 22;17(5):10.4088/PCC.15f01840.
  36. Mangione S, Mandell BF, Post SG. The Language Game: We Are Physicians, Not Providers. Am J Med 2021;134(12):1444-1446.
  37. Amisha, Malik P, Pathania M, et al. Overview of artificial intelligence in medicine. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Jul;8(7):2328-2331.
  38. Bitterman DS, Aerts HJWL, Mak RH. Approaching autonomy in medical artificial intelligence. Lancet Digit Health. 2020 Sep;2(9):e447-e449.
  39. Teno JM. Garbage in, Garbage out—Words of Caution on Big Data and Machine Learning in Medical Practice. JAMA Health Forum. 2023;4(2):e230397.
  40. Stoddard JJ, Hargraves JL, Reed M, et al. Managed care, professional autonomy, and income: effects on physician career satisfaction. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Oct;16(10):675-84.
  41. Khubchandani J, Bustos E, Chowdhury S, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Refusal among Nurses Worldwide: Review of Trends and Predictors. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Feb 2;10(2):230.
  42. Garcia TB, O’Leary ST. Dismissal policies for vaccine refusal among US physicians: a literature review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020 May 3;16(5):1189-1193.
  43. Relman AS. Industry Support of Medical Education. JAMA. 2008;300(9):1071–1073.
  44. Stahnisch FW, Verhoef M. The flexner report of 1910 and its impact on complementary and alternative medicine and psychiatry in north america in the 20th century. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:647896.
  45. Duffy TP. The Flexner Report–100 years later. Yale J Biol Med. 2011 Sep;84(3):269-76.
  46. Zegarra-Parodi R, Baroni F, Lunghi C, et al. Historical Osteopathic Principles and Practices in Contemporary Care: An Anthropological Perspective to Foster Evidence-Informed and Culturally Sensitive Patient-Centered Care: A Commentary. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Dec 21;11(1):10.
  47. Rastegar DA. Health care becomes an industry. Ann Fam Med. 2004 Jan-Feb;2(1):79-83.
  48. Relman AS. The new medical-industrial complex. N Engl J Med. 1980 Oct 23;303(17):963-70.
  49. Rozsa M. The medical-industrial complex: When patient-doctor interactions are tainted by the profit motive. Salon July 21, 2021.
  50. Kumar SA, Nash DB. Health Care Myth Busters: Is There a High Degree of Scientific Certainty in Modern Medicine? Scientific American March 25, 2011.
  51. Kshirsagar R, Vu P. The Pharmaceutical Industry’s Role in U.S. Medical Education. In-Training. April 3, 2026. https://in-training.org/drugged-greed-pharmaceutical-industrys-role-us-medical-education-10639
  52. Sternszusa R, Saroyanb A, Steinertc Y. Describing medical student curiosity across a four year curriculum: An exploratory study. Medical Teacher 2017:1-6.
  53. Zarei E, Ghaffari A, Nikoobar A, et al. Interaction between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: A scoping review for developing a policy brief. Front Public Health. 2023 Jan 12;10:1072708.
  54. Purcarea VL. The impact of marketing strategies in healthcare systems. J Med Life. 2019 Apr-Jun;12(2):93-96.
  55. Lenzer J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: protecting the private good? BMJ  2015;350:h2362.
  56. Jewett C. F.D.A.’s Drug Industry Fees Fuel Concerns Over Influence. New York Times September 15, 2022.
  57. Karas L. FDA’s Revolving Door: Reckoning and Reform. Stanford Law School SLPR February 28, 2023;34(1):1-66.
  58. https://www.aap.org/en/philanthropy/corporate-and-organizational-partners/current-partners/
  59. https://www.acog.org/giving/corporate-giving
  60. Relman AS. Industry Support of Medical Education. JAMA. 2008;300(9):1071–1073.
  61. Ferner RE. The influence of big pharma. BMJ. 2005 Apr 16;330(7496):855-6.
  62. Coulter H. The Divided Legacy. North Atlantic Books 1994.
  63. Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 4: Committee on Quackery. J Chiropr Educ. 2021 Sep 1;35(S1):55-73.
  64. Thomas P. Homeopathy in the USA. Br Homeopath J. 2001 Apr;90(2):99-103.
  65. The Chiropractic Antitrust Suit, Wilk, et al   vs.   the AMA, et al. https://chiro.org/Wilk/#:~:text=The%20AMA%20and%20its%20officials%2C%20including%20Dr.,physician%20to%20associate%20with%20chiropractors.
  66. HOW DOES THE U.S. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRIES? Peter G. Peterson Foundation, July 12, 2023.
  67. Berwick DM. Salve Lucrum: The Existential Threat of Greed in US Health Care. JAMA 2023;329(8):629-30.
  68. Kizer K. THE 10 LARGEST LOBBYIST GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES. Zippia, April 12, 2023. https://www.zippia.com/advice/largest-lobbyist-groups/
  69. Leading lobbying industries in the United States in 2023, by total lobbying spending.  Statista.  https://www.statista.com/statistics/257364/top-lobbying-industries-in-the-us/#:~:text=U.S.%20leading%20lobbying%20industries%20in%20the%20U.S.%202023&text=In%202023%2C%20the%20pharmaceuticals%20and,million%20U.S.%20dollars%20on%20lobbying.
  70. Rapaport L. U.S. health care industry spends $30 billion a year on marketing. Reuters. January 8, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1P22GF/
  71. The Ultimate Guide to Entertainment Marketing. AMW November 7, 2023.
  72. Jorgensen PD. Pharmaceuticals, political money, and public policy: a theoretical and empirical agenda. J Law Med Ethics. 2013 Fall;41(3):561-70.
  73. Humble W. Americans suffer when health insurers place profits over people. Pennsylvania Capitol Star, August 10, 2023.
  74. Phillips A. Pfizer Accused of ‘Obscene’ COVID Profits After Posting Record Revenues. Newsweek February 2, 2023.
  75. Cronin CE, Franz B, Choyke K, et al. For-profit hospitals have a unique opportunity to serve as anchor institutions in the U.S. Prev Med Rep. 2021 Apr 3;22:101372.
  76. Garber J. The rising danger of private equity in healthcare. Lown Institute, January 23, 2024. https://lowninstitute.org/the-rising-danger-of-private-equity-in-healthcare/#:~:text=Private%20equity%20(PE)%20acquisitions%20in,profit%20hospitals%20in%20the%20U.S.
  77. Angell M. Excess in the pharmaceutical industry. CMAJ. 2004 Dec 7;171(12):1451-3.
  78. Winny A. Life Expectancy is Declining in the U.S. It Doesn’t Have to Be. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. December 6, 2022.
  79. Ansah JP, Chiu CT. Projecting the chronic disease burden among the adult population in the United States using a multi-state population model. Front Public Health. 2023 Jan 13;10:1082183.
  80. WARNER JH. The Aesthetic Grounding of Modern Medicine. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2014;88(1): 1–47.
  81. Amir-Azodi A, Setayesh M, Bazyar M, et al. Causes and consequences of quack medicine in health care: a scoping review of global experience. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024 Jan 11;24(1):64.
  82. Delfino S, Larson A, Haines D, et al. World-Class Innovation, but at What Cost? A Brief Examination of the American Healthcare System. Cureus. 2023 Jun 3;15(6):e39922.
  83. Raghupathi W, Raghupathi V. An Empirical Study of Chronic Diseases in the United States: A Visual Analytics Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Mar 1;15(3):431.
  84. Institute of Medicine (US) National Cancer Policy Forum. Ensuring Quality Cancer Care through the Oncology Workforce: Sustaining Care in the 21st Century: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009. Supply and Demand in the Health Care Workforce. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215247/
  85. 2021 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2021 Dec. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND DISPARITIES IN ACCESS. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578537/
  86. Katella K. Do You Really Need All of Those Medications? Yale Medicine August 31, 2020.
  87. Varghese D, Ishida C, Haseer Koya H. Polypharmacy. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532953/
  88. Pizzorno J. Can We Say “Cure”? Integr Med (Encinitas). 2016 Oct;15(5):8-12.
  89. Teixeira MZ. Is there scientific evidence that suppression of acute diseases in childhood induce chronic diseases in the future? Homeopathy. 2002 Oct;91(4):207-16.
  90. Shekhar S, Petersen FC. The Dark Side of Antibiotics: Adverse Effects on the Infant Immune Defense Against Infection. Front Pediatr. 2020 Oct 15;8:544460.
  91. Wan Y, Zuo T. Interplays between drugs and the gut microbiome. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2022 Apr 8;10:goac009.
  92. Andremont A, Cervesi J, Bandinelli PA, et al. Spare and repair the gut microbiota from antibiotic-induced dysbiosis: state-of-the-art. Drug Discov Today. 2021 Sep;26(9):2159-2163.
  93. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Health care 2020: reengineering health care delivery to combat chronic disease. Am J Med. 2015 Apr;128(4):337-43.
  94. Tillett T. Meeting report: summit focuses on pharmaceuticals in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Jan;117(1):A16.
  95. Zusi K. Antibiotics alter the infectious microenvironment and may reduce the ability of immune cells to kill bacteria. Wyss Institute, November 13, 2017.
  96. Prescription Opioids DrugFacts. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute of Health.  https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-opioids#:~:text=Opioids%20can%20also%20make%20people,overdoses%20and%20death%20are%20common.
  97. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients.  A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. JAMA 1998;279(15):1200-5.
  98. Makar MA, Daniel M, Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ 2016;353:i2139.
  99. Garrow JS. What to do about CAM: How much of orthodox medicine is evidence based? BMJ. 2007 Nov 10;335(7627):951.
  100. http://clinicalevidence.com/ceweb/about/knowledge/jsp, viewed 6 May 2007
  101. Elrod JK, Fortenberry JL Jr. Advertising in health and medicine: using mass media to communicate with patients. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020 Sep 15;20(Suppl 1):818.
  102. Funk C, Hefferon M, Kennedy B, et al. 4. Americans generally view medical professionals favorably, but about half consider misconduct a big problem. PEW RESEARCH CENTER August 2, 2019.
  103. Kaplan S. Hundreds of Babies Harmed by Homeopathic Remedies, Families Say. Scientific American FEBRUARY 21, 2017.
  104. Grams N. Homeopathy-where is the science? A current inventory on a pre-scientific artifact. EMBO Rep. 2019 Mar;20(3):e47761.
  105. Meetoo D. Chronic diseases: the silent global epidemic. Br J Nurs. 2008 Nov 27-Dec 10;17(21):1320-5.
  106. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Health care 2020: reengineering health care delivery to combat chronic disease. Am J Med. 2015 Apr;128(4):337-43.
  107. Sorriento D, Iaccarino G. Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Most Recent Findings. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Aug 9;20(16):3879.
  108. Singh N, Baby D, Rajguru JP, et al. Inflammation and cancer. Ann Afr Med. 2019 Jul-Sep;18(3):121-126.
  109. Hunter P. The inflammation theory of disease. The growing realization that chronic inflammation is crucial in many diseases opens new avenues for treatment. EMBO Rep 2012;13(11):968-970.
  110. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-07-2023-vaccines-could-avert-half-a-million-deaths-associated-with-anti-microbial-resistance-a-year#:~:text=Globally%20there%20are%204.95%20million,with%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20(AMR).
  111. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/index.html#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20106%2C699%20drug%20overdose,2021%20(32.4%20per%20100%2C000).
  112. Vijay A, Valdes AM. Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Apr;76(4):489-501.
  113. Teixeira M.Z. Scientific Evidence for Homeopathy. Clinics 2023; 78,100255, ISSN 1807-5932.
  114. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/data/outpatient-prescribing/index.html
  115. Kiang MV, Humphreys K, Cullen MR, et al. Opioid prescribing patterns among medical providers in the United States, 2003-17: retrospective, observational study. BMJ. 2020 Jan 29;368:l6968.
  116. McKee M, Stuckler D. The crisis of capitalism and the marketisation of health care: the implications for public health professionals. J Public Health Res. 2012 Dec 7;1(3):236-9.
  117. Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, et al. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Apr 8;12(7):6049-6057.
  118. Yeoh YK, Zuo T, Lui GC, et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut 2021;70:698-706.
  119. Ferreira C, Viana SD, Reis F. Is Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis a Predictor of Increased Susceptibility to Poor Outcome of COVID-19 Patients? An Update. Microorganisms 2021; 9(1):53.
  120. Gu S, Chen Y, Wu Z, et al. Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 or H1N1 Influenza. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(10):2669-2678
  121. Haran JP, Bradley E, Zeamer AL, et al. Inflammation-type dysbiosis of the oral microbiome associates with the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and long COVID. JCI Insight 2021;6(20):e152346.
  122. Venzon M, Bernard-Raichon L, Klein J, et al. Gut microbiome dysbiosis during COVID-19 is associated with increased risk for bacteremia and microbial translocation. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2021 Jul 27:rs.3.rs-726620.
  123. Harper A,  Vijayakumar V, Ouwehand AC, et al. Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021;10.
  124. Wager E, McGough M, Rakshit S, et al. How does health spending in the U.S. compare to other countries? Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker. January 23, 2024. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-spending-u-s-compare-countries/#GDP%20per%20capita%20and%20health%20consumption%20spending%20per%20capita,%202022%20(U.S.%20dollars,%20PPP%20adjusted)
  125. COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21. Lancet. 2022 Apr 16;399(10334):1513-1536.
  126. CDC Healthy Schools. Managing Chronic Health Conditions. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/chronicconditions.htm
  127. Gunja MZ, Gumas ED, Williams RD. U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2022: Accelerating Spending, Worsening Outcomes. The Commonwealth Fund. January 31, 2023.  https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2023/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective-2022#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20has%20the%20highest,hospital%20beds%20per%201%2C000%20population.
  128. Huisman W, Martina BE, Rimmelzwaan GF, et al. Vaccine-induced enhancement of viral infections. Vaccine 2009;27(4):505-12.
  129. Guevarra RB, Cho JH, Cho JH, et al. Oral Vaccination against Lawsoniaintracellularis Changes the Intestinal Microbiome in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel). 2021 Jul 13;11(7):2082.
  130. Guo J, Tang J, Kang T, et al. Different immunization methods lead to altered gut flora and varied responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020 Oct 31;14(10):1170-1177.
  131. Borgognone, A. et al. Vaccination with an HIV T-cell immunogen induces alterations in the mouse gut microbiota. npj Biofilms Microbiomes 8, 104 (2023).
  132. Nevalainen OPO, Horstia S, Laakkonen S, et al. Effect of remdesivir post hospitalization for COVID-19 infection from the randomized SOLIDARITY Finland trial. Nat Commun. 2022 Oct 18;13(1):6152.
  133. Fung JS, Levitan M, Landry S, et al. Torsades de pointes associated with remdesivir treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can. 2023 Mar 1;8(1):99-104.
  134. Sheriff MM, Marghalani RAA, Almana OMM, et al. A Study on the Self-Reported Physician-Diagnosed Cardiac Complications Post mRNA Vaccination in Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2024 Jan 11;16(1):e52108.
  135. Katella K. The Link Between J&J’s COVID Vaccine and Blood Clots: What You Need to Know. Yale Medicine. May 17, 2023.
  136. Aparecida de Oliveira Silva N, de Sene Amâncio Zara AL, Figueras A, et al. Potential kidney damage associated with the use of remdesivir for COVID-19: analysis of a pharmacovigilance database. SciElo Public Health 2021;37(10).
  137. Asch DA, Sheils NE, Islam MN, et al. Variation in US Hospital Mortality Rates for Patients Admitted With COVID-19 During the First 6 Months of the Pandemic. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(4):471–478.
  138. Kurd R, Freed Y, Jarjoui A, et al. Homeopathic Treatment for COVID-19-Related Symptoms: A Case Series. Complement Med Research 15 February 2022; 29 (1): 83–88.
  139. Adler UC, Adler MS, Padula AEM, et al. Homeopathy for COVID-19 in primary care: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (COVID-Simile study). J Integr Med. 2022 May;20(3):221-229.
  140. Xiao TS. Innate immunity and inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol. 2017 Jan;14(1):1-3.
  141. Laughey W, Lodhi I, Pennick G, et al. Ibuprofen, other NSAIDs and COVID-19: a narrative review. Inflammopharmacology. 2023 Oct;31(5):2147-2159.
  142. Chamkouri N, Absalan F, Koolivand Z, et al. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Viral Infections Disease, Specially COVID-19. Adv Biomed Res. 2023 Jan 30;12:20.
  143. TSOUCALASI G, KARAMANOUI M, ANDROUTSOS G. TRAVELLING THROUGH TIME WITH ASPIRIN, A HEALING COMPANION. Euro J Inflam 2010;9(1):13-16.
  144. Starko KM. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality, 1918–1919 Pharmacology, Pathology, and Historic Evidence. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009; 49(9):1405–1410.
  145. Capuano A, Scavone C, Racagni G, et al. Italian Society of Pharmacology. NSAIDs in patients with viral infections, including Covid-19: Victims or perpetrators? Pharmacol Res. 2020 Jul;157:104849.
  146. Gerges RH. NSAIDs: A Double Edged Sword in Viral Infections. International Journal of Medical Reviews 2022; 9(2):288-297.
  147. Landon E. Which over-the-counter medications are best for COVID-19 symptoms? UChicago Medicine. October 19, 2023.
  148. COVID-19 Treatments and Medications. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 15, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/treatments-for-severe-illness.html
  149. Bellavite P, Conforti A, Pontarollo F, et al. Immunology and homeopathy. 2. Cells of the immune system and inflammation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006 Mar;3(1):13-24.
  150. Sinha MN, Siddiqui VA, Nayak C, et al. Randomized controlled pilot study to compare Homeopathy and Conventional therapy in Acute Otitis Media. Homeopathy 2012; 101(01): 5-12.
  151. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P T. 2015 Apr;40(4):277-83.
  152. Hammond J, Fountaine RJ, Yunis C, et al. Nirmatrelvir for Vaccinated or Unvaccinated Adult Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2024;390(13):1186-1195.
  153. Gottlieb S. Drug companies maintain “astounding” profits. BMJ. 2002 May 4;324(7345):1054.
  154. Homeopathy Products Market to Hit US$ 37.53 billion by 2033 | Fact.MR Report May 25, 2023. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/homeopathy-products-market-hit-us-170000214.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAERlp-joCaXlAYGGLvgj9LRPFDVvuUn9Fcby6TZadzsqzeRTGmy6DG1WEnbeW3aeOcljbR5pTLwtoMxsZueEQrzkaSa50TEnZgkgBbv1ZZGvjSDr432_TeZ6eMmnYl4oxVO26eAcbuoaLada1OSBBpDcmTFGW9i45hr50rzcQlCn
  155. Ventola CL. Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States: Part 1: The Widespread Use of CAM and the Need for Better-Informed Health Care Professionals to Provide Patient Counseling. P T. 2010 Aug;35(8):461-8.
  156. Ubel P. Is The Profit Motive Ruining American Healthcare? Forbes. February 12, 2014.  https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterubel/2014/02/12/is-the-profit-motive-ruining-american-healthcare/?sh=27a138437b97
  157. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Implications of For-Profit Enterprise in Health Care; Gray BH, editor. For-Profit Enterprise in Health Care. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1986. 1, Profits and Health Care: An Introduction to the Issues. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217897/
  158. Logsdon S. The rise and fall of homeopathic medicine in the US, and its continued popularity today. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Bernard Becker Medical Library. https://becker.wustl.edu/news/the-rise-and-fall-of-homeopathic-medicine-in-the-us-and-its-continued-popularity-today/
  159. Herman PM. Evaluating the economics of complementary and integrative medicine. Glob Adv Health Med. 2013 Mar;2(2):56-63.
  160. Witt C M, Lüdtke R, Mengler N, et al. How healthy are chronically ill patients after eight years of homeopathic treatment?–Results from a long term observational study. BMC public health 2008;8: 413.
  161. Van Wassenhoven M, Ives G. An observational study of patients receiving homeopathic treatment. Homeopathy. 2004 Jan;93(1):3-11.
  162. Harris M. Why Capitalism Needs Sick People. Intellegencer December 13, 2022.
  163. Jacobs J. Homeopathic Prevention and Management of Epidemic Diseases. Homeopathy 2018;107(3):157-60.
  164. Shinde VH. Homoeopathy in pandemic Spanish flu 1918. Ind J Res Homeop 2020;14(2):152-159.
  165. Jahn S. Die Grippe-Pandemie nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg und die Homöopathie im internationalen Vergleich [The flu epidemic after World War I and homeopathy–an international comparison]. Med Ges Gesch. 2014;32:231-72.
  166. Bracho G, Varela E, Fernández R, Ordaz B, Marzoa N, Menéndez J, García L, Gilling E, Leyva R, Rufín R, de la Torre R, Solis RL, Batista N, Borrero R, Campa C. Large-scale application of highly-diluted bacteria for Leptospirosis epidemic control. Homeopathy. 2010 Jul;99(3):156-66.
  167. Frass M, Linkesch M, Banyai S, et al. Adjunctive homeopathic treatment in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in an intensive care unit. Homeopathy 2005;94(2):75-80.
  168. Frass M, Lechleitner P, Gründling C, et al. Homeopathic Treatment as an Add-On Therapy May Improve Quality of Life and Prolong Survival in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Three-Arm, Multicenter Study. Oncologist. 2020 Dec;25(12):e1930-e1955.
  169. Kirby BJ. Safety of homeopathic products. J R Soc Med. 2002 May;95(5):221-2
  170. Dantes F, Rampes H, Do homeopathic medicines provoke adverse effects? A systematic review.  Br Homeopathic J 2000;89(Supl 1):S35-8.
  171. Reilly D Homeopathy: Increasing Scientific Validation. Altern Ther Health Med.  2005;11(2):28-31.
  172. Posadzki P. et al. Systematic Review. Adverse effects of homeopathy: a systematic review of published case reports and case series. Int J Clin Pract. Dec. 2012;66(12):1178-1188.
  173. Jacobs S. Can Homeopathic Treatment Speed Recovery in Patients With COVID-19? Pulmonary Advisor. June 22, 2022. https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/home/general-pulmonology/covid-19-recovery-time-shorter-with-homeopathic-treatment/
  174. Bornhoft G, Wolf U, Ammon K, et al. Effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of homeopathy in general practice – summarized health technology assessment. Forsch Komplementarmed. 2006;13 Suppl 2:19-29.
  175. Mahesh S, Hoffmann P, Kajimura C, et al. COVID-19 cases treated with classical homeopathy: a retrospective analysis of International Academy of Classical Homeopathy database. Journal of Global Health Reports. 2023;7:e2023027.
  176. Franchi M, Pellegrini G, Cereda D, et al. Natural and vaccine-induced immunity are equivalent for the protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Infect Public Health. 2023 Aug;16(8):1137-1141.
  177. Whitmont RD. The Human Microbiome, Conventional Medicine, and Homeopathy. Homeopathy. 2020 Nov;109(4):248-255.
  178. Mahesh S, Mallappa M, Vacaras V, et al. Association between Acute and Chronic Inflammatory States: A Case-Control Study. Homeopathy. 2024 Feb 9.
  179. Rubio-Casillas A, Rodriguez-Quintero CM, Redwan EM, et al. Do vaccines increase or decrease susceptibility to diseases other than those they protect against? Vaccine. 2024 Jan 25;42(3):426-440.
  180. Bach JF. The Effect of Infections on Susceptibility to Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases. NEJM 2002;347(12):911-920.
  181. Maier L, Pruteanu M, Kuhn M, et al. Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria. Nature 2018;555: 623–628.
  182. Petrelli F, Ghidini M, Ghidini A, et al. Use of Antibiotics and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11.
  183. Brannon K. Antibiotic Use Linked to Greater Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke. Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. https://sph.tulane.edu/news/antibiotic-use-linked-greater-risk-heart-attack-and-stroke
  184. Petrelli F, Ghidini M, Ghidini A, et al. Use of Antibiotics and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Aug 14;11(8):1174.
  185. Park SJ, Park YJ, Chang J, et al. Association between antibiotics use and diabetes incidence in a nationally representative retrospective cohort among Koreans. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 21681.
  186. Vallianou N, Dalamaga M, Stratigou T, et al. Do Antibiotics Cause Obesity Through Long-term Alterations in the Gut Microbiome? A Review of Current Evidence. Curr Obes Rep 2021;10: 244–262.
  187. Herman RA. Increasing allergy: are antibiotics the elephant in the room?Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020;16(35).
  188. Dewan N, Goldman RD. Antibiotic exposure in early life and development of childhood asthma. Can Fam Physician. 2020 Sep;66(9):661-663.
  189. Sultan AA, Mallen C, Muller S, et al. Antibiotic use and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based case-control study. BMC Med 2019; 17(154).
  190. Tournier A, Fok Y, van Haselen R. Homeopathic Treatment of COVID-19 Patients: Findings of the Clificol International Clinical Case Registry. Integ Med Rep 2023;2(1).
  191. Adler UC, Adler MS, Padula AEM, et al. Homeopathy for COVID-19 in primary care: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (COVID-Simile study). J Integr Med. 2022 May;20(3):221-229.
  192. de Farias Morais GC, de Oliveira Campos DM, da Silva MK, et al. Beyond pharmaceuticals: The untapped potential of homeopathy in the battle against COVID-19. Explore (NY). 2023 Nov-Dec;19(6):868-870.
  193. Block J. Vaccinating people who have had covid-19: why doesn’t natural immunity count in the US? BMJ 2021; 374 :n2101
  194. Borkens Y, Endruscheit U, Lübbers CW. Homeopathy-A lively relic of the prescientific era. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2024 Mar;136(5-6):177-184.
  195. FSMB: SPREADING COVID-19 VACCINE MISINFORMATION MAY PUT MEDICAL LICENSE AT RISK. https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/
  196. Micozzi MS. Double Standards and Double Jeopardy for CAM Research. J Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2001,7(1):13-14.
  197. Vandenbroucke JP, Commentary. Homeopathy trials: going nowhere. Lancet. 1997;350:824.
  198. Smith K. “Against Homeopathy — A Utilitarian Perspective,” Bioethics 2012;26(8):398-409.
  199. Baum, M., Ernst E., Should We Maintain an Open Mind about Homeopathy? Am J Med 2009; 122(11): 973-974.
  200. SCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK OF HOMEOPATHY Evidence Based Homeopathy 2013 Revised edition after 67th LMHI Congress, September 2012 (Nara, Japan). https://homeopathyeurope.org/downloads/project-one/Scientific-Framework-Homeopathy-2013.pdf
  201. Gregori-Puigjané E, Setola V, Hert J, et al. Identifying mechanism-of-action targets for drugs and probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 10;109(28):11178-83.
  202. Johnson CY. One big myth about medicine: We know how drugs work. Washington Post. July 23, 2015.
  203. Bellavite P, Ortolani R, Pontarollo F, et al. Immunology and homeopathy. 5. The rationale of the ‘Simile’. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2007 Jun;4(2):149-63.
  204. Bell IR, Schwartz GE, Frye J, Extending the Adaptive Network Nanomedicine Model for Homeopathic Medicines: Nanostructures as Salient Cell Danger Signals for Adaptation. Nanosci Technol 2015;2(1):1-22.
  205. Zigterman BGR, Dubois L. Ontsteking en infectie: de cellulaire en biochemische processen [Inflammation and infection: cellular and biochemical processes]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2022 Mar;129(3):125-129.
  206. Choi B, Lee C, Yu JW. Distinctive role of inflammation in tissue repair and regeneration. Arch Pharm Res. 2023 Feb;46(2):78-89.
  207. Al Bander Z, Nitert MD, Mousa A, et al. The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 19;17(20):7618.
  208. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/index.htm
  209. Elias-Oliveira J, Antônio Leite J, Sousa Pereira I. NLR and Intestinal Dysbiosis-Associated Inflammatory Illness: Drivers or Dampers? Front Immunol 2020;11.
  210. Vijay A, Valdes AM. Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Apr;76(4):489-501.
  211. Eisenstein M. “The hunt for a healthy microbiome.” Nature 2020; 577(7792):S6+.
  212. Vich Vila A, Collij V, Sanna S, et al. Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 17;11(1):362.
  213. Kanter GP, Carpenter D. The Revolving Door In Health Care Regulation. Health Affairs. 2023;42(9).
  214. Borup R, Traulsen JM, Kaae S. Regulatory Capture in Pharmaceutical Policy Making: The Case of National Medicine Agencies Related to the EU Falsified Medicines Directive. Pharmaceut Med. 2019 Jun;33(3):199-207.
  215. Raymond JG. Medicine as Patriarchal Religion. J Med Philos: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 1982;7(2):197–216.
  216. Kennedy RF Jr. The Real Anthony Fauci. Skyhorse Publishing 2021, NY, NY.
  217. Hayes P. RFK Jr. Wins Deferred Injunction in Vax Social Media Suit. Bloomberg Law Feb. 15, 2024.
  218. Russell D. The Real RFK JR, Trials of a Truth Warrior. Skyhorse Publishing 2023, NY, NY.
  219. Meyers SL. California Approves Bill to Punish Doctors Who Spread False Information. New York Times 2022, April 29. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/29/technology/california-doctors-covid-misinformation.html
  220. Knudsen J, Perlman-Gabel M, Uccelli IG, et al. Combating Misinformation as a Core Function of Public Health. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. 2023 Jan 11:CAT.22.0198.
  221. Yang YT, Schaffer DeRoo S. Disciplining Physicians Who Spread Medical Misinformation. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2022 Nov-Dec 01;28(6):595-598.
  222. De Smet PA. Health risks of herbal remedies. Drug Saf. 1995 Aug;13(2):81-93.
  223. Kleinsinger F. Understanding Noncompliant Behavior: Definitions and Causes. Perm J. 2003 Fall;7(4):18–21.
  224. Butler MJ, Best JH, Mohan SV, et al. Mechanical ventilation for COVID-19: Outcomes following discharge from inpatient treatment. PLoS One. 2023 Jan 6;18(1):e0277498.
  225. Gandham R, Eerike M, Raj GM, et al. Adverse events following remdesivir administration in moderately ill COVID-19 patients – A retrospective analysis. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022 Jul;11(7):3693-3698.
  226. https://vaers.hhs.gov/data.html
  227. Kinder M, Bach K, Stateler L. Profits and the pandemic: As shareholder wealth soared, workers were left behind. Brookings Research, April 21, 2022. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/profits-and-the-pandemic-as-shareholder-wealth-soared-workers-were-left-behind/#:~:text=Overwhelmingly%2C%20financial%20gains%20benefitted%20wealthy,benefited%20minimally%20from%20company%20success.
  228. https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/national-health-expenditure-data/historical
  229. Heidecker B, Dagan N, Balicer R, et al. Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccine: incidence, presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, therapy, and outcomes put into perspective. A clinical consensus document supported by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022 Nov;24(11):2000-2018.
  230. President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Farewell Address (1961). National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/president-dwight-d-eisenhowers-farewell-address
  231. National Research Council (US) Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Vaccine Supply and Innovation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1985. 6, Liability for the Production and Sale of Vaccines. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216813/
  232. Shah P, Thornton I, Turrin D, et al. Informed Consent. [Updated 2023 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430827/
  233. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/201
What Has Changed in the Medical Field Since Covid?